Step one is your utility bill, not your roof
Most solar proposals begin with a satellite image and a number of panels. That is backwards. A commercial system is an investment against a specific electricity cost, and until that cost is understood in detail, any system size is a guess.
We start by pulling twelve months of interval data from your utility account and separating it into three things:
- Energy consumption, in kilowatt-hours, which is what the array offsets directly.
- Demand charges, in dollars per kilowatt against your highest interval in each billing period. Solar reduces these only partially, which is why battery storage sometimes returns more per dollar than additional modules.
- Your load curve, hour by hour, which determines how much of the generation is consumed on site rather than exported.
That third item has direct financial consequences in Massachusetts. New commercial Class II and Class III facilities are generally credited on the basis of 60 percent of net excess generation, while facilities that are cap exempt because they serve on-site load receive 100 percent. Sizing an array to blanket a roof and export the surplus produces a worse return per watt than sizing it to the building.